Sunday, 4 December 2011
hari yang paling sibuk
Hari ini, saya terpaksa bangun pada awal pagi, iaitu pada pukul 7 pagi. Hal ini disebabkan saya perlu pergi dan melatih menyanyi lagu di dectar. Semasa melatih, saya berasa sangat penat dan tiada tenaga untuk menyanyi lagi sebab semalam saya tidur pada pukul 2 pagi untuk menyelesaikan powerpoint yang disuruh oleh "daddy" saya di PT. Selepas melatih, saya dan kawan saya pergi ke canselori untuk menyerahkan powerpoint yang sudah siap ditaip dan membantu "daddy" saya semasa peserta melatih berlakon. Pada pukul 1.30 petang, saya dan kawan-kawan lain perlu pergi ke dectar raptai untuk persembahan malam ini. Walaupun berasa sangat letih, saya tetap akan berusaha berlatih menyanyi dan tidak mengecewakan kawan-kawan saya.
Friday, 2 December 2011
kenangan yang saya tidak dapat lupa selamanya
Hari ihi, saya telah pergi berjalan-jalan ke Kajang bersama kawan-kawan baik saya. Hari ini, hujan asyik berturun sepanjang perjalanan ke Kajang. Selepas sampai ke sana, kami berasa sangat terkejut sebab Kajang telah banjir. Kami terpaksa berjalan ke Metropoint...Kami membeli barang-barangan, makan sushi di Sushi King dan juga telah mengambil banyak gambar...walaupun seluruh badan kami basah dan berasa sangat letih, kami tetap berasa sangat gembira dan seronok....
Wednesday, 23 November 2011
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated one-quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.Technology
Protocols
Main article: Internet Protocol Suite
The communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. While the hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).[13] The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and final standards are published in a series of publications, each called a Request for Comments (RFC), freely available on the IETF web site. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards. Other less rigorous documents are simply informative, experimental, or historical, or document the best current practices (BCP) when implementing Internet technologies.
The Internet Standards describe a framework known as the Internet Protocol Suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols (RFC 1122, RFC 1123). The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the Application Layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program. Below this top layer, the Transport Layer connects applications on different hosts via the network (e.g., client–server model) with appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking technologies, consisting of two layers. The Internet Layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and allows them to connect to one-another via intermediate (transit) networks. Lastly, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer, the Link Layer, that provides connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as a local area network (LAN) or a dial-up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying hardware which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been developed, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the details of description, nor implementation, but many similarities exist and the TCP/IP protocols are usually included in the discussion of OSI networking.
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and essentially establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion (109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion which has enter its final stage in 2011,[14] when the global address allocation pool was exhausted. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid 1990s which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (RIRs) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.[15]
IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a parallel version of the Internet not directly accessible with IPv4 software. This means software upgrades or translator facilities are necessary for networking devices that need to communicate on both networks. Most modern computer operating systems already support both versions of the Internet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, are still lagging in this development. Aside from the complex array of physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is defined by its interconnections and routing policies.
The Advantages of Information Technology in Education
- Advancements in information and communication technology have not only benefited education, but also continue to shape the way the field itself develops. With more powerful software and applications, along with mobile devices such as tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and laptops becoming more prevalent in the classroom, information technology offers many benefits to all aspects of education.
Connectivity
- By using information technology, teachers and students are more connected in and out of the classroom. For example, Seton Hill University's program "The Griffin Technology Advantage," which supplies each student with a laptop and a tablet computer for school and personal use, aims to encourage "creative literacy" by connecting students and staff to a wider community outside of school, along with allowing students to work with a technology they may very well need in the workforce.
Lessons
- Information technology provides teachers an endless choice of multimedia, software, applications and devices with which to create more exciting, interactive lessons. The traditional lecture-based lesson, while effective to a point, does not stimulate every type of learner. By adding a dimension to their lessons, teachers have the opportunity to engage more students and lead a more involved, energetic class.
Resources
- Advancements in networking within information technology have connected more institutions and their staffs and students, and therefore made a greater amount of information and resources available. For example, a thesis written by a professor at one university previously may have been shelved or archived only at that university's library. Now, it becomes easy for a student in a university on the other side of the world to have access to that thesis with a simple download.
Distance Learning Courses
- Online courses and web-based training have improved in quality as information and communication technology has advanced. Some universities offer accredited courses that may be taken entirely on the Internet, creating more educational opportunities. These courses not only provide students with access to the same resources as students in traditional classes, but they also typically offer more flexibility, allowing students to complete the work on their own schedules. For those who wish to continue their educations but are reluctant to give up their jobs, distance learning courses can be the answer.
Information Technology in Education
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Elizabeth is an Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction in California. She has extensive experience in developing and writing curriculum and is a presenter on many topics related to K-12 education. She is an alumnus of UCLA and has Master's degrees in Ed. Technology and Psychology and a PhD in British Literature.
By Elizabeth Chapin-Pinotti, eHow Contributor
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Information technology deals with the use of computers and software to store, protect, convert, process and transmit information securely. Information technology, or IT, is used in education at all levels from the school site to the district office to the state and even federal levels. IT has allowed for a more accurate tracking, transport and storage of information and continues to evolve. IT has become an integral and necessary part of education.
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School Database Systems
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School database systems are often ASCII-based and allow information on students to be stored and updated instantaneously. Programs such as Aeries process and track student grades, medical information, IEP status, discipline, state and local testing records, ethnic and race information, parent contacts and other student status information. Additional school, teacher and student schedules are tracked. School database systems track attendance, drop-out data and socioeconomic data as well.
District Database Systems
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District database systems interface with school systems and then incorporate teacher and other employee data, such as certification status, federal highly qualified teacher status, salary and personnel data. Teacher data is linked to school-site master-schedule data to determine if the right students are being taught by highly qualified and certificated teachers and such things as which students should have access to free and reduced meals and who should receive special services via IDEA or 504 accommodations.
State Database Systems
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Under the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, states were required to integrate all school districts databases into one massive site for federal reporting. Thus, information technology has become an essential part of operations. The California educational database system, for example, is called CALPADS. All school site, district teacher and student data is tracked, monitored and used to oversee teacher qualification status and student achievement. Schools receive most of their funding based on enrollment and average daily attendance, which is processed through IT. Gone are the days of tallying numbers and self-reporting. With the advent and sophistication of information technology, every detail can be tracked for compliance, and schools are sanctioned if students aren't taught by the appropriate teachers or students are not receiving prescribed services.
Benefits
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Information technology is more accurate and is instantaneously updated. If data is entered correctly, the numbers portion of reporting can be done instantly and over the Internet. No more paper, pens and stamps. Student tracking also is easier. Students get a statewide identifier number that can move from school to school with them and will eventually move up to the college level, making transcript requests obsolete.
Limitations
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IT systems are time-consuming to maintain and extremely costly. In a district of only 4,000 students, the equivalent of five classroom teachers are needed to man the system, which pulls money directly from classrooms. Likewise, there is no margin for interpretation. Take teacher certification for example: A veteran teacher, who is extremely effective but has a credential processed before 2002 and who did not take the steps necessary to become Federally Highly Qualified can put a school out of compliance and at risk of losing federal funds, including Title I and Title II. This teacher could be properly certified under state laws but not under federal guidelines.
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